Kev nce qib hauv kev xav thiab kev coj ua ntawm kev kho cov dej khib nyiab aquaculture
Sau los ntawm: Jasmine
Hu rau email: Kate@aquasust.complastic.com
Aquaculture dej khib nyiab feem ntau yog tsim los ntawm cov tsiaj tso zis, quav quav thiab tswj dej rau aquaculture, thiab muaj cov ntsiab lus siab ntawm cov organic teeb meem, nitrogen, phosphorus thiab cov khib nyiab tshem tawm, nrog rau qee cov ntsiab lus uas ua ntsev. Txhawm rau kom muaj kev nkag siab zoo dua ntawm qhov tseem ceeb hauv kuv lub teb chaws txoj kev siv dej khib nyiab pov tseg thiab cov teeb meem uas tau ntsib nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv siv tau los txog tam sim no, daim ntawv no tseem piav qhia txog kev cuam tshuam ntawm kev siv cov peev txheej thiab kev kho mob siab tshaj ntawm aquaculture pov tseg ntxiv rau lub ntsiab lus ntawm daim teb no. . Cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov pa phem uas tau nyiam ntau yam, nrog rau kev nce qib hauv qee qhov kev ua haujlwm. Thaum kawg, qee cov lus qhia tau muab tso rau tom ntej rau kev txhim kho thiab kev siv thev naus laus zis thev naus laus zis thev naus laus zis thev naus laus zis.
Tsiaj txhu yog ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm kuv lub teb chaws txoj kev ua liaj ua teb. Txawm li cas los xij, nrog txoj kev loj hlob sai ntawm kev siv tshuab thiab kev loj hlob ntawm cov tsiaj txhu, cov teeb meem loj ntawm ib puag ncig tau tshwm sim, ntawm cov dej khib nyiab yog ib qho ntawm cov pa phem loj. Aquaculture wastewater yog cov dej khib nyiab siab uas muaj cov organic teeb meem, nitrogen, phosphorus thiab cov khib nyiab tshem tawm, nrog rau cov hlau hnyav, tshuaj tua kab mob, tshuaj tua kab mob thiab cov kab mob pathogenic. Yog tias tsis kho kom raug, nws yuav ua rau muaj kev hloov pauv ntawm ib puag ncig thiab ecology, hem tsiaj. thiab tib neeg kev noj qab haus huv. Tam sim no, muaj ob hom kev kho mob tseem ceeb rau cov dej khib nyiab aquaculture: ib qho yog kev kho cov dej khib nyiab siab tshaj (tus qauv tso tawm) hom, uas feem ntau yog siv hauv cov liaj teb yav qab teb uas muaj av tsawg. Aquaculture wastewater undergoes solid-kua sib cais, anaerobic / aerobic kev kho mob thiab Tom qab kev kho mob siab heev, nws yog tawm mus rau tus qauv los yog siv dua; lwm qhov yog kev siv cov khoom siv (fertilizer, lub zog) kev kho mob hom, uas feem ntau yog siv nyob rau sab qaum teb ua liaj ua teb nrog ntau thaj av, thiab cov dej khib nyiab tsis muaj teeb meem los ntawm sedimentation, anaerobic fermentation, thiab lwm yam. Tom qab kev kho mob, biogas yog siv rau kev siv hluav taws xob, thiab biogas slurry yog siv rau kev ua liaj ua teb cov peev txheej. Daim ntawv no piav qhia luv luv txog qhov xwm txheej tam sim no thiab cov teeb meem kev daws teeb meem uas yuav tsum tau kov yeej hauv kev siv cov dej khib nyiab hauv kev lag luam aquaculture loj hauv kuv lub teb chaws, rau kev siv ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm hauv kev tsim khoom, kev tshawb fawb thiab kev tswj hwm.
1 Kev tsis txaus siab ntawm kev siv cov peev txheej thiab kev kho mob siab tshaj ntawm cov dej khib nyiab
Aquaculture wastewater kho mob tseem yog thaj chaw uas tau txais kev nyiam tshaj plaws thiab tau nqis peev ntau tshaj plaws hauv kev tiv thaiv ib puag ncig hauv kev lag luam aquaculture hauv kaum xyoo dhau los. Cov lag luam aquaculture loj yuav tsum xaiv ntawm kev siv cov peev txheej thiab kev kho mob siab heev thaum muab pov tseg cov dej pov tseg. Txawm hais tias kev cog qoob loo thiab kev yug me nyuam thiab kev siv cov khoom pov tseg tau tawm tswv yim thiab txhawb nqa nyob rau xyoo tas los no, vim muaj ntau yam laj thawj, kev kho cov dej khib nyiab siab heev, kev tso tawm lossis xoom pov tseg tseem tsim nyog rau ntau lub lag luam aquaculture kom ciaj sia.
Kev daws teeb meem ntawm kev tiv thaiv ib puag ncig thiab kev siv cov peev txheej tsis yog cov ntsiab lus sib npaug. Rau cov tuam txhab lag luam, txhawm rau daws teeb meem kev tiv thaiv ib puag ncig, lawv yuav tsum xub tau txais daim ntawv tso cai rau kev soj ntsuam ib puag ncig, thiab tom qab ntawd siv cov kev ntsuas pov tseg pov tseg raws li qhov yuav tsum tau ua ntawm kev ntsuam xyuas ib puag ncig thiab ua tau raws li qhov yuav tsum tau ua; kev ua raws cai, kev lag luam thiab siv tau Nws tsis yooj yim li "tig pov tseg rau hauv cov khoom muaj nqis" hais lus. Ua ntej tshaj plaws, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum muaj cov peev txheej av txaus nyob rau hauv lub voj voog kev lag luam thiab muaj txiaj ntsig zoo (raws li txoj cai ntawm kev siv hauv zos thiab nyob ze), thiab qhov tseem ceeb tshaj, kom "tig cov khoom muaj nqis", uas yog, tus nqi nce tom qab. kawg ntawm kev lag luam saw yog pom tau los ntawm cov khoom sau. Yog tias cov khoom raug txiav tsuas yog cov txiaj ntsig theoretical xwb yam tsis tau paub txog lawv tus kheej siv lossis hloov pauv mus rau hauv kev ua lag luam tus nqi, daim ntawv qhia txog kev siv peev txheej yuav raug cuam tshuam; Los ntawm qhov kev xav ntawm kev tiv thaiv ib puag ncig, tiv thaiv cov pa phem thib ob (xws li dej, av, thiab huab cua). Tam sim no, nws yog ib qho nyuaj rau kev txhawb nqa kev siv cov peev txheej ntawm cov khoom siv dej pov tseg hauv kuv lub teb chaws, uas tseem muaj feem xyuam nrog cov hauv qab no: Ua ntej, tsis muaj kev ntsuam xyuas ib puag ncig rau kev lag luam aquaculture, thiab muaj ntau yam qauv. Piv txwv li, feem ntau qhov chaw xav kom cov dej khib nyiab aquaculture yuav tsum ua tau raws li "Water Quality Standards for Farmland Irrigation" (GB 5084-2005)) ua ntej kev siv cov peev txheej. Qhov thib ob, vim muaj keeb kwm keeb kwm, ntau lub teb chaws loj tsis muaj peev xwm txhawb nqa av nyob ib puag ncig lawv.
2 Tshawb nrhiav cov pa phem kub
Hauv kev kho cov dej khib nyiab hauv dej, ntxiv rau cov cim qhia txog kev tiv thaiv ib puag ncig tam sim no [xws li tshuaj lom neeg oxygen xav tau (COD), ammonia nitrogen, tag nrho phosphorus (TP), thiab lwm yam], kev tshawb fawb thiab kev coj ua hauv xyoo tas los no tau pom tias Nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum tau them sai sai rau cov pa phem hauv qab no: Cov kab mob tshuaj tua kab mob thiab cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob (ARGs), salinity (salinity), tag nrho cov nitrogen (TN), thiab sludge generated thaum lub sij hawm kho dej khib nyiab. Sludge yog ib yam khoom siv hauv cov txheej txheem kho dej. Vim qhov hloov pauv ntawm hom kev tshem tawm cov quav thiab kev txhim kho ntawm cov txheej txheem rov qab-kawg effluent, cov sludge ntau lawm feem ntau nce. Qhov nyuaj ntawm kev kho sludge yog nyob rau hauv nws cov ntsiab lus dej siab. Ntau cov kev tshawb fawb tau pom tias txawm hais tias cov tshuaj ntsuam xyuas ntawm cov effluent thaum kawg ntawm cov txheej txheem kho dej tam sim no ua tau raws li cov qauv, tseem muaj ib puag ncig kev pheej hmoo ntawm cov kab mob-resistant tshuaj thiab cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob. Kev sib sau ntawm ntsev yuav ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj rau cov av thiab cov qoob loo, yog li nws yuav tsum tau ceev faj thaum siv cov peev txheej. Qee qhov chaw txwv tsis pub tso tawm tag nrho cov nitrogen los ntawm cov dej khib nyiab aquaculture, uas yuav ua rau kom tus nqi kho dej tau zoo nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem tam sim no thiab nce lub nra ntawm kev lag luam.
3 Kev txhim kho thiab kev ua tiav hauv cov haujlwm tseem ceeb
Tam sim no, cov txheej txheem kev kho dej khib nyiab feem ntau siv suav nrog kev kho anaerobic lom, kev kho mob aerobic, kev kho ntuj thiab kev kho cov thev naus laus zis, microalgae, membrane sib cais thiab lwm cov thev naus laus zis hauv kev tshawb fawb thiab kev tsim kho, nrog rau kev tu ua liaj ua teb muaj feem xyuam rau cov dej rov qab. kev kho mob. Cov txheej txheem dung, thiab lwm yam, tau muab tso rau hauv lwm cov khoom hauv qhov tshwj xeeb no. Kab lus no tsuas yog piav qhia luv luv ntawm anmmox, ib txhij nitrification thiab denitrification, thiab luv luv nitrification thiab denitrification.
3.1 Anammox technology
Anammox technology yog ib hom tshiab ntawm anaerobic biological kho tshuab, uas yog ib tug txheej txheem nyob rau hauv uas anammox kab mob ncaj qha hloov ammonia nitrogen thiab nitrite rau nitrogen gas nyob rau hauv ib tug anaerobic ib puag ncig. Cov kab mob tseem ceeb ntawm cov cuab yeej siv thev naus laus zis yog cov kab mob anammox, uas tuaj yeem hloov cov ammonia nitrogen hauv cov dej khib nyiab rau hauv cov roj nitrogen los ntawm biochemical cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej anaerobic kom paub txog kev tshem tawm ammonia nitrogen. Yog li, anammox thev naus laus zis yog ib qho kev kho mob lom neeg anaerobic, thiab tseem yog hom nitrification thiab denitrification technology ib txhij. Vim tias qhov kev loj hlob qeeb ntawm cov kab mob anammox thiab ntau yam cuam tshuam, cov txaj ruaj khov, cov txaj qhib lub txaj thiab cov membrane bioreactors feem ntau yog siv los ua kom cov kab mob anmmox thiab ua ke nrog lwm cov cuab yeej kho mob, txhim kho kev ua haujlwm thiab ruaj khov ntawm kev kho dej khib nyiab. Anammox thev naus laus zis muaj qhov zoo ntawm kev ua haujlwm siab thiab kev lag luam, thiab muaj cov ntawv thov kev cia siab zoo hauv kev coj ntawm denitrification ntawm aquaculture wastewater, tab sis muaj teeb meem xws li lub sijhawm pib ua haujlwm ntev thiab ntau yam cuam tshuam, uas yuav tsum tau daws ntxiv. Raws li cov xwm txheej ntawm kev ua haujlwm hauv cheeb tsam, kev ua haujlwm ntxiv yog xav tau nyob rau hauv kev tshawb nrhiav thiab kev tswj hwm ntawm cov txheej txheem anmmox.
3.2 Short-path nitrification thiab denitrification technology
Cov txheej txheem anoxic / oxic (Anoxi / oxic, A / O) feem ntau paub txog denitrification (NH{{{0}}} → NO2 → NO3) thiab nitrification (NO3 → NO2 → N2) los ntawm kev teeb tsa anoxic pas dej ua ke thiab aerobic pas dej ua ke, feem. . Ammonia nitrogen tshem tawm ntawm cov dej khib nyiab. Txawm li cas los xij, cov kev tshawb fawb tau pom tias qhov sib xyaw ntawm nitrite nitrogen yuav tshwm sim hauv cov txheej txheem nitrification thiab denitrification [3]. Txog rau qhov kawg no, txoj kev xav ntawm luv luv nitrification thiab denitrification yog npaj. Los ntawm kev txhawb nqa kev loj hlob ntawm cov kab mob ammonia oxidizing (cov kab mob nitrite) thiab inhibiting kev loj hlob ntawm nitrite oxidizing kab mob (nitrifying bacteria), cov txheej txheem ntawm luv luv nitrification thiab denitrification (NH+4 → NO2) yog paub. → N2). Lub voj voog loj hlob ntawm cov kab mob ammonia oxidizing yog luv dua li cov kab mob nitrite oxidizing, ntawm cov av nkos hnub nyoog, qhov kub thiab txias, pH thiab yaj oxygen yog qhov tseem ceeb cuam tshuam rau cov kab mob ammonia oxidizing thiab nitrite oxidizing kab mob. Thaum qhov kub siab tshaj 28 degree, nws yog qhov tsim nyog rau kev loj hlob ntawm ammonia oxidizing kab mob thiab inhibits kev loj hlob ntawm nitrite oxidizing kab mob; pH nyob ib ncig ntawm 8.0 kuj yog qhov tsim nyog rau tsub zuj zuj ntawm ammonia oxidizing kab mob; cov affinity ntawm ammonia oxidizing cov kab mob mus rau tsawg concentration ntawm yaj oxygen yog ntau dua li ntawm nitrite oxidizing kab mob[4-6] . Raws li txoj cai, luv luv nitrification thiab denitrification txo lub sij hawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, txuag cov khoom ntawm oxygen thiab carbon, thiab txo cov sludge ntau lawm [7]. Txawm li cas los xij, thaum lub sijhawm ua haujlwm ntawm qhov chaw kho dej, ntau cov sludge yog tsim txhua hnub vim qhov xav tau los ua kom cov sludge tawm kom txo tau cov sludge hnub nyoog. Tsis tas li ntawd, vim muaj ntau yam cuam tshuam, nws txoj kev ruaj ntseg kuj xav tau kev txhim kho ntxiv.
3.3 Simultaneous nitrification thiab denitrification technology
Ib txhij nitrification thiab denitrification technology paub ib txhij nitrification thiab denitrification los ntawm kev tswj tsis xws li yaj oxygen, pH thiab kub nyob rau hauv lub biological pas dej ua ke, thiab txhim kho cov efficiency ntawm cov dej khib nyiab [8]. Lub mechanism ntawm ib txhij nitrification thiab denitrification suav nrog macro ib puag ncig txoj kev xav, micro ib puag ncig txoj kev xav thiab microbiology txoj kev xav [9]. Lub macro-environmental txoj kev xav hais txog kev tswj cov concentration thiab uniformity ntawm yaj oxygen nyob rau hauv reactor, tsim ib qho chaw haum rau ob qho tib si nitrifying kab mob thiab denitrifying kab mob kom loj hlob, thiab synchronizing cov txheej txheem nitrification thiab denitrification [10]. Lub microenvironment txoj kev xav hais txog kev tswj tsis tau xws li yaj cov pa oxygen concentration, activated sludge particle loj thiab biofilm thickness, ua ib tug yaj oxygen gradient nyob rau saum npoo thiab puab txheej ntawm activated sludge hais thiab biofilms, nto aerobic nitrification cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, thiab lub puab txheej hypoxia. . tshuaj tiv thaiv denitrification. Microbiology txoj kev xav hais txog kev siv cov kab mob uas tuaj yeem ua nitrification thiab denitrification ib txhij. Cov kev tshawb fawb tau pom tias muaj cov kab mob aerobic denitrifying thiab cov kab mob anaerobic nitrifying nyob rau hauv ib puag ncig, xws li cov kab mob anammox, uas tuaj yeem hloov pauv ammonia nitrogen ncaj qha rau hauv nitrogen.
Ntxiv rau cov thev naus laus zis saum toj no, kev tshawb fawb thiab kev siv cov kab mob muaj txiaj ntsig zoo hauv cov txheej txheem kho dej khib nyiab, kev tswj cov khoom lag luam inhibition hauv cov txheej txheem anaerobic, kev ua kom zoo thiab tsis siv neeg tswj cov txheej txheem fermentation, tawg ntawm phosphorus crystallization ua rau cov kav dej thaiv hauv cov dej khib nyiab, kev tiv thaiv. thiab kev tswj cov ntxhiab tsw hauv cov txheej txheem kev kho dej khib nyiab Kev tawg ntawm cov thev naus laus zis xws li kev yug me nyuam, diffusion thiab anti-seepage yuav pab tswj. txaus ntshai thiab txo cov nqi thiab nce efficiency.
4 Cov ntsiab lus thiab Outlook
Kev kho cov dej khib nyiab ua liaj ua teb suav nrog kev kho aerobic lom, kev kho anaerobic lom, kev kho mob siab heev thiab kev kho ntuj. Ntawm lawv, A / O, Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Bed (UASB), Upflow Solid Anaerobic Reactor (USR)), biogas digesters, oxidation pas dej, tshuaj oxidation thiab coagulation thiab lwm yam txheej txheem thev naus laus zis kuj paub tab thiab siv dav. Txhua txoj kev kho mob muaj nws tus kheej zoo thiab kev txwv. Kev sib txawv ntawm kev sib xyaw ua ke tuaj yeem xaiv tau raws li cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov dej khib nyiab ua liaj ua teb thiab cov cai hauv zos. Piv txwv li, kev ua liaj ua teb uas muaj cov qauv dej pov tseg ntau dua tuaj yeem xaiv anaerobic + aerobic + kev kho mob siab heev. Kev sib xyaw ntawm cov thev naus laus zis, ua liaj ua teb nrog cov av txaus tuaj yeem muab qhov tseem ceeb rau kev kho anaerobic thev naus laus zis rau kev kho dej tsis zoo. Tsis tas li ntawd, qee qhov kev kho mob tshiab xws li luv-txoj kev nitrification thiab denitrification, ib txhij nitrification thiab denitrification, anammox, microalgae kev kho mob thiab kev sib cais ntawm daim nyias nyias muaj qhov zoo ntawm daim ntawv thov, tab sis lawv cov kev kho mob thiab kev ruaj ntseg tsis xav tau kev tshawb fawb ntxiv thiab kev ua kom zoo dua lossis siv sab nraum zoov Engineering.
Nrog rau kev nce ntawm kev tiv thaiv ib puag ncig, tib neeg tau muab cov kev xav tau siab dua rau kev tshawb fawb thiab kev siv thev naus laus zis thev naus laus zis thev naus laus zis thev naus laus zis. Kev tshawb fawb thiab kev tsim kho cov cuab yeej siv kho dej khib nyiab tshiab tseem yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev tshawb fawb yav tom ntej, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov lag luam muaj zog thov kom muaj txiaj ntsig zoo, ruaj khov thiab tsis tshua muaj nqi kho dej khib nyiab technology; kev txhim kho cov kev kho dej khib nyiab uas twb muaj lawm tseem yog qhov kev tshawb fawb tsom mus rau yav tom ntej, xws li aerobic Los yog kev txhim kho cov kab mob ua haujlwm hauv anaerobic biological kho tshuab, thiab kev tshawb fawb thiab kev loj hlob ntawm high-efficiency thiab check membranes nyob rau hauv membrane sib cais tshuab; Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, kev rov ua dua thiab siv lub zog ntawm cov dej khib nyiab aquaculture yog ib qho kev tshawb fawb tseem ceeb, xws li kev ntsuam xyuas kev nyab xeeb hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm kev rov ua dua cov dej pov tseg Kev tshawb fawb thiab kev txhim kho cov cuab yeej siv hluav taws xob xws li biogas bioenergy thiab biodiesel muaj cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb rau kev lag luam. kev nyab xeeb kev kho thiab siv cov dej khib nyiab aquaculture.